A 90-day soil-plant experiment has demonstrated that carbon nanomaterials can prime alfalfa rhizospheres to accelerate the biodegradation of polyethylene (PE), a persistent environmental pollutant. The study, conducted by researchers at University College London (UCL), Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, compared multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) at different doses and two soil depths, tracking plastic mass loss, surface chemistry, mechanical strength, plant growth, and microbial communities. The findings, published (DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2026.100772) online on 23 September 2026 in Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, suggest a tunable route for nanomaterial-assisted rhizoremediation, which could revolutionize how we address recalcitrant plastic waste in contaminated soils.
Polyethylene accounts for about 60% of global plastic waste and persists in soils due to its chemical inertness. Conventional remediation methods such as incineration and landfilling are energy-intensive and can create secondary pollution. Plant-based approaches are low-cost and ecologically compatible, but quantitative PE degradation remains slow. For instance, wheat-soil systems lost only 2.8% over 100 days, and soybean rhizospheres degraded about 8% of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) microplastics over 70 days. Carbon nanomaterials have shown potential to accelerate pollutant breakdown in simplified laboratory systems, but their performance in complex soil-plant systems over time and across soil depths has been poorly understood until now.
In unamended planted controls, PE loss remained low: 0.6% at the surface and 1.2% at the bottom after 90 days. Without plants, PE plus nanomaterials showed no detectable degradation. MWCNTs produced the strongest surface effect, reaching 12.1% loss at 200 mg kg-1 after 90 days and 9.1% by day 30, while bottom-layer loss plateaued near 6%. GO was weaker overall but most effective at 150 mg kg-1, reaching 7.0% at the surface and 5.8% in the bottom layer by 90 days. Mechanical testing showed pristine PE at 782.8 ± 0.3 MPa; planted treatments reduced modulus to 23.2 MPa at the bottom and 19.6 MPa at the surface, with MWCNTs causing the greatest loss. Fourier-transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated surface oxidation, with an O 1s/C 1s ratio of 0.49 in surface films from the plant–MWCNT treatment versus 0.17 for pristine PE. MWCNTs enriched early degraders such as Pseudolabrys and Oleiharenicola and predicted KEGG ortholog K00799, whereas GO sustained Rhodanobacter and Gemmatimonas and K02003. PE alone reduced germination potential by 32–35% and germination rate by 16–18%; nanomaterials alleviated this phytotoxicity.
The authors said the key advance was separating rapid surface chemistry from slower root-driven processes. They said MWCNTs appeared to act almost like an early catalyst at the surface, while GO supported a more sustained microbial response deeper in the soil. They also emphasized that the plant was essential: without alfalfa, no measurable PE degradation occurred even with nanomaterials. They added that the results are a proof of concept, not a field-ready recipe, because dose, soil type, nanomaterial fate, and non-target effects still need testing.
The findings point to two possible applications. MWCNTs may suit short-term, intensive cleanup of surface-contaminated hotspots, where rapid oxidation and mass loss are priorities. GO may be better explored for longer, deeper soil restoration in synergy with plant roots, especially at optimized doses. However, the study also found lower insect-trap counts in most nanomaterial treatments, signaling possible non-target effects. Dose optimization, worker-safety controls, cost reductions, and life-cycle assessment are needed before field use. Commercial PE films also contain additives such as carbon black, whose interactions with nanomaterials and degradation intermediates require further study. Together, these findings highlight the need to balance degradation efficiency with ecological safety. For more information on innovative environmental solutions, visit http://chuanlink-innovations.com.
